Starting replication at:  Thursday, 10 July 2025 20:35:59 
[1] "Raking converged in 21 iterations"
[1] "Raking converged in 45 iterations"
[1] "Raking converged in 48 iterations"
[1] "n subjects = 707"
[1] "n web visits = 16.4 million"
[1] "n subjects = 2222"
[1] "n web visits = 73.8 million"
[1] "n subjects = 957"
[1] "n web visits = 6.4 million"
[1] "n all = 2775"
[1] "n donors = 820"
[1] "% donors = 29.5"
[1] "n non-donors = 1955"
[1] "n all = 15589"
[1] "n donors = 2462"
[1] "% donors = 15.8"
[1] "n non-donors = 13127"
[1] "n donors = 1179"
[1] "n non-donors = 4543"
Survey-taking constitutes a substantial part of participants’ browsing:
... 54.6% of all visits in the Lucid sample and 23.9% in the YouGov sample
... are visits to survey-taking sites. This is much more than visits to,
... for example, google.com (6.0% and 11.3%, respectively).
... Survey professionalism is least prevalent in the Facebook sample,
... i.e., 10.2% of all visits are to survey-taking sites,
... which is less than visits to google.com (25.1%).# A tibble: 3 × 3
# Groups:   dataset [3]
  dataset  visit_type    perc
  <chr>    <ord>        <dbl>
1 Facebook Survey sites  10.2
2 Lucid    Survey sites  54.6
3 YouGov   Survey sites  23.9
# A tibble: 3 × 3
# Groups:   dataset [3]
  dataset  visit_type  perc
  <chr>    <ord>      <dbl>
1 Facebook google.com 25.1 
2 Lucid    google.com  6.04
3 YouGov   google.com 11.3 
The average percentages of survey visits based on individual-level variation,
... depicted in SM Figure C.10, are slightly smaller than the aggregate percentages
... (Lucid: 49.7%; YouGov: 16.3%; Facebook: 8.4%)# A tibble: 3 × 3
  dataset  visit_type    perc
  <chr>    <ord>        <dbl>
1 Facebook Survey sites  8.43
2 Lucid    Survey sites 49.7 
3 YouGov   Survey sites 16.3 
A substantial share of our samples’ browsing time is spent on survey sites,
... whether measured as an aggregate percentage (Lucid: 43%; YouGov: 18.2%; Facebook: 8.7%)
... or as an average individual-level percentage (Lucid: 41%; YouGov: 15%; Facebook: 6.8%).# A tibble: 3 × 3
# Groups:   dataset [3]
  dataset  visit_type    perc
  <chr>    <ord>        <dbl>
1 Facebook Survey sites  8.68
2 Lucid    Survey sites 43.0 
3 YouGov   Survey sites 18.2 
# A tibble: 3 × 3
  dataset  visit_type    perc
  <chr>    <ord>        <dbl>
1 Facebook Survey sites  6.78
2 Lucid    Survey sites 41.0 
3 YouGov   Survey sites 15.2 
In the Lucid sample, the estimates of survey professionals vary between
35.0% and 65.4%, and go up to 71.1% when including subjects categorized
as professionals by any of the measures; in the YouGov sample, between
7.6% and 11.6%, with 16.6% when using any of the categories; and in the Facebook
sample, between 1.7% and 10.9%, with 11.9% when using any of the categories.# A tibble: 12 × 3
   dataset  method                      prevalence
   <chr>    <fct>                            <dbl>
 1 Facebook > 100 survey visits per day      10.9 
 2 Facebook > 50% of browsing visits          3.41
 3 Facebook > 50% of browsing time            1.65
 4 Facebook Any of the Categories            11.9 
 5 Lucid    > 100 survey visits per day      66.2 
 6 Lucid    > 50% of browsing visits         50.9 
 7 Lucid    > 50% of browsing time           34.7 
 8 Lucid    Any of the Categories            71.4 
 9 YouGov   > 100 survey visits per day      11.6 
10 YouGov   > 50% of browsing visits          8.82
11 YouGov   > 50% of browsing time            7.56
12 YouGov   Any of the Categories            16.6 
Using the indicator of professionalism yielding the most conservative estimates,
the share of professionals in the Facebook and YouGov samples does not change
substantially, reducing from 1.7% to 1.1%, and from 7.6% to 4.6%, respectively.
Bounds are wider in Lucid, and the estimation for the percentage of professionals
would decrease from 35% to 20.3%# A tibble: 2 × 2
  bound values_lower
  <dbl>        <dbl>
1   0.5       0.0107
2   0         0.0165
# A tibble: 2 × 2
  bound values_lower
  <dbl>        <dbl>
1   0.5        0.201
2   0          0.347
# A tibble: 2 × 2
  bound values_lower
  <dbl>        <dbl>
1   0.5       0.0456
2   0         0.0756

<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Effect of openness prime on attribution of malevolence, by professionalism</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="4">Definition of professionalism:</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>> 100 visits/day</td><td>> 50% of visits</td><td>> 50% of time</td><td>Any of the three</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Treatment</td><td>-0.14</td><td>-0.24<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.22<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.14</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.15)</td><td>(0.12)</td><td>(0.11)</td><td>(0.16)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Professional</td><td>0.22</td><td>-0.02</td><td>0.04</td><td>0.21</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.16)</td><td>(0.15)</td><td>(0.16)</td><td>(0.17)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Treatment * Professional</td><td>-0.10</td><td>0.07</td><td>0.004</td><td>-0.08</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.18)</td><td>(0.17)</td><td>(0.18)</td><td>(0.19)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>4.55<sup>***</sup></td><td>4.71<sup>***</sup></td><td>4.69<sup>***</sup></td><td>4.54<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.13)</td><td>(0.11)</td><td>(0.10)</td><td>(0.15)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Observations</td><td>1,882</td><td>1,882</td><td>1,874</td><td>1,879</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.01</td><td>0.003</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.01</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Adjusted R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.004</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.004</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"><em>Note:</em></td><td colspan="4" style="text-align:right"><sup>*</sup>p<0.1; <sup>**</sup>p<0.05; <sup>***</sup>p<0.01</td></tr>
</table>

<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Effect of diversity prime on perception of polarization, by professionalism</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="4">Definition of professionalism:</td></tr>
<tr><td></td><td colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>> 100 visits/day</td><td>> 50% of visits</td><td>> 50% of time</td><td>Any of the three</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Treatment</td><td>-0.09</td><td>-0.11</td><td>-0.14<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.08</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.10)</td><td>(0.08)</td><td>(0.07)</td><td>(0.11)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Professional</td><td>0.12</td><td>0.22<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.18<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.13</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.11)</td><td>(0.11)</td><td>(0.11)</td><td>(0.12)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Treatment * Professional</td><td>-0.08</td><td>-0.08</td><td>0.01</td><td>-0.09</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.13)</td><td>(0.12)</td><td>(0.12)</td><td>(0.13)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>4.75<sup>***</sup></td><td>4.73<sup>***</sup></td><td>4.76<sup>***</sup></td><td>4.74<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.09)</td><td>(0.07)</td><td>(0.07)</td><td>(0.10)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Observations</td><td>2,151</td><td>2,151</td><td>2,142</td><td>2,147</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.003</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.003</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Adjusted R<sup>2</sup></td><td>0.002</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.01</td><td>0.002</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"><em>Note:</em></td><td colspan="4" style="text-align:right"><sup>*</sup>p<0.1; <sup>**</sup>p<0.05; <sup>***</sup>p<0.01</td></tr>
</table>
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